时间:2023-06-02 16:16:41 来源: 人气:
在块分配机制中,涉及到几个主要的数据结构。, 通过ext4_allocation_request描述块请求,然后基于块查找结果即上层需求来决定是否执行块分配操作。, 在分配过程中,为了更好执行分配,记录一些信息,需要对分配行为进行描述,就有结构体ext4_allocation_contex。, 在搜寻可用空间过程中,是有可能使用预分配空间的,因此还需要有能够描述预分配空间大小等属性的描述符ext4_prealloc_space。, 下面,对各个关键结构体进行详细的分析。, 1. 块请求描述符ext4_allocation_request, 块分配请求属性,有请求描述符ext4_allocation_request来描述:, structext4_allocation_request {, /* target inode for block wereallocating */, struct inode *inode;, /* how many blocks we want to allocate*/, unsigned int len;, /* logical block in target inode */, ext4_lblk_t logical;, /* the closest logical allocated blockto the left */, ext4_lblk_t lleft;, /* the closest logical allocated blockto the right */, ext4_lblk_t lright;, /* phys. target (a hint) */, ext4_fsblk_t goal;, /* phys. block for the closest logicalallocated block to the left */, ext4_fsblk_t pleft;, /* phys. block for the closest logicalallocated block to the right */, ext4_fsblk_t pright;, /* flags. see above EXT4_MB_HINT_* */, unsigned int flags;, };, 这个请求描述符结构体在ext4_ext_map_blocks()中初始化(注:ext4_ext_map_blocks()的作用是查找或分配指定的block块,并完成与缓存空间的映射)。, 具体上述信息也就一个成员变量goal值的我们分析一下,goal记录是物理块号,其隐含含义比较重要:goal虽然只是记录物理块号,但是这个物理块号的选择可以很大程度的是文件保证locality特性及其物理地址连续性。, goal是由函数ext4_ext_find_goal()来定义:, static ext4_fsblk_t ext4_ext_find_goal(struct inode*inode,, struct ext4_ext_path *path,, ext4_lblk_t block), {, if(path) {, intdepth = path->p_depth;, structext4_extent *ex;, /*, * Try to predict block placement assuming thatwe are, * filling in a file which will eventually be, * non-sparse --- i.e., in the case of libbfdwriting, * an ELF object sections out-of-order but in away, * the eventually results in a contiguousobject or, * executable file, or some database extendinga table, * space file. However, this is actually somewhat, * non-ideal if we are writing a sparse filesuch as, * qemu or KVM writing a raw image file that isgoing, * to stay fairly sparse, since it will end up, * fragmenting the file systems free space. Maybe we, * should have some hueristics or some way toallow, * userspace to pass a hint to file system,, * especially if the latter case turns out tobe, * common., */, ex= path[depth].p_ext;, if(ex) {, ext4_fsblk_text_pblk = ext4_ext_pblock(ex);, ext4_lblk_text_block = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block);, if(block > ext_block), returnext_pblk + (block - ext_block);, else, returnext_pblk - (ext_block - block);, }, /*it looks like index is empty;, * try to find starting block from index itself*/, if(path[depth].p_bh), returnpath[depth].p_bh->b_blocknr;, }, /*OK. use inodes group */, returnext4_inode_to_goal_block(inode);, }, 细细分析这段代码,如果从根目录到指定逻辑块的path存在,那么就需要根据path来计算目标物理块的地址。, (1) Path的终点若是dataextent,则说明该path是从根到叶子的。当请求block号大于path叶子extent的起始逻辑块号ext_block (对应物理块号为pblk),其逻辑块的距离为(block-ext_block),为在最可能上保证对应物理地址的连续性;只需返回与pblk+(block-ext_block)物理块号最接近的空闲物理块即可;而对于请求block号小于extent的起始逻辑块号ext_block的情况,只需尽最可能以pblk-( ext_block -block)物理块号为目标寻找与其物理地址最接近的空闲物理块即可。因此,我们指定goal分别为pblk+(block-ext_block)和pblk-(block-ext_block)。, (2) 而如果path存在,却没有叶子,那则么办,很简单,我们只需要将goal物理块号指定为最后一个的extent block对应的物理块号既可。, (3) 还有一种情况,没有给出path。个人认为,这种场景即inode刚create的情况。有专门的ext4_inode_to_goal_block()来实现:, ext4_fsblk_t ext4_inode_to_goal_block(struct inode*inode), {, structext4_inode_info *ei = EXT4_I(inode);, ext4_group_tblock_group;, ext4_grpblk_tcolour;, intflex_size = ext4_flex_bg_size(EXT4_SB(inode->i_sb));, ext4_fsblk_tbg_start;, ext4_fsblk_tlast_block;, block_group= ei->i_block_group;, if(flex_size >= EXT4_FLEX_SIZE_DIR_ALLOC_SCHEME) {, /*, * If there are at leastEXT4_FLEX_SIZE_DIR_ALLOC_SCHEME, * block groups per flexgroup, reserve thefirst block, * group for directories and special files. Regular, * files will start at the second blockgroup. This, * tends to speed up directory access andimproves, * fsck times., */, block_group&= ~(flex_size-1);, if(S_ISREG(inode->i_mode)), block_group++;, }, bg_start= ext4_group_first_block_no(inode->i_sb, block_group);, last_block= ext4_blocks_count(EXT4_SB(inode->i_sb)->s_es) - 1;, /*, * If we are doing delayed allocation, we dontneed take, * colour into account., */, if(test_opt(inode->i_sb, DELALLOC)), returnbg_start;, if(bg_start + EXT4_BLOCKS_PER_GROUP(inode->i_sb) <= last_block), colour= (current->pid % 16) *, (EXT4_BLOCKS_PER_GROUP(inode->i_sb)/ 16);, else, colour= (current->pid % 16) * ((last_block - bg_start) / 16);, returnbg_start + colour;, }, 其思想是:如果flex_size至少有EXT4_FLEX_SIZE_DIR_ALLOC_SCHEME个block groups,则定义inode所在flex_group的第二个block group的首个可用block为起始物理块号bg_block。, 当然,如果该flex_group的所有文件都以bg_block为goal的,肯定会产生竞争,所以增加color的作用,目的就是加入一个随机值,降低可能带来的竞争。, 因此,最后这种情况的goal会选择inode所在flex_group中某个随机值。, 【说明:如果flex_size只有不小于EXT4_FLEX_SIZE_DIR_ALLOC_SCHEME,则才有可能将flex_group中第一个group分离出来,用于专门存放directories和一些特殊文件,普通文件从第二个group中分配,该特可以加速directory的访问及fsync效率。】, 2. 分配行为描述符ext4_allocation_contex, 在分配过程中,为了更好执行分配,记录一些信息,需要对分配行为进行描述,就有结构体ext4_allocation_contex:, struct ext4_allocation_context{, struct inode *ac_inode;, struct super_block *ac_sb;, /* original request */, struct ext4_free_extent ac_o_ex;, /* goal request (normalized ac_o_ex) */, struct ext4_free_extent ac_g_ex;, /* the best found extent */, struct ext4_free_extent ac_b_ex;, /* copy of the best found extent takenbefore preallocation efforts */, struct ext4_free_extent ac_f_ex;, __u16 ac_groups_scanned;, __u16 ac_found;, __u16 ac_tail;, __u16 ac_buddy;, __u16 ac_flags; /* allocation hints */, __u8 ac_status;, __u8 ac_criteria;, __u8 ac_2order; /* if request is to allocate 2^N blocks and, * N > 0, the field stores N, otherwise 0 */, __u8 ac_op; /* operation, for history only */, struct page *ac_bitmap_page;, struct page *ac_buddy_page;, struct ext4_prealloc_space *ac_pa;, struct ext4_locality_group *ac_lg;, };, 这个数据结构用来描述分配上下文的属性。基于结构体ext4_allocation_request,由函数ext4_mb_initialize_context()进行初始化。, ext4_mb_initialize_context()主要工作: 利用请求描述符的信息初始化ac->ac_o_ex:申请的逻辑块号fe_logical、goal所在的group,goal的cluster号(暂时理解为物理块号);然后将ac_g_ex 赋值为ac_o_ex。, ext4_mb_normalize_request()会对ext4_allocation_contex结构体进行normalization:, 1.计算file的大小size应该是i_size_read(ac->ac_inode)和(offset+请求长度)中的大值,其中offset是有指定block转化而来。, 2. 根据已定的算法估算文件可能的大小;, #define NRL_CHECK_SIZE(req, size, max, chunk_size), (req<= (size) || max <= (chunk_size)), /*first, try to predict filesize */, /*XXX: should this table be tunable? */, start_off= 0;, if(size <= 16 * 1024) {, size= 16 * 1024;, }else if (size <= 32 * 1024) {, size= 32 * 1024;, }else if (size <= 64 * 1024) {, size= 64 * 1024;, }else if (size <= 128 * 1024) {, size= 128 * 1024;, }else if (size <= 256 * 1024) {, size= 256 * 1024;, }else if (size <= 512 * 1024) {, size= 512 * 1024;, }else if (size <= 1024 * 1024) {, size= 1024 * 1024;, }else if (NRL_CHECK_SIZE(size, 4 * 1024 * 1024, max, 2 * 1024)) {, start_off= ((loff_t)ac->ac_o_ex.fe_logical >>, (21- bsbits)) << 21;, size= 2 * 1024 * 1024;, }else if (NRL_CHECK_SIZE(size, 8 * 1024 * 1024, max, 4 * 1024)) {, start_off= ((loff_t)ac->ac_o_ex.fe_logical >>, (22- bsbits)) << 22;, size= 4 * 1024 * 1024;, }else if (NRL_CHECK_SIZE(ac->ac_o_ex.fe_len,, (8<<20)>>bsbits,max, 8 * 1024)) {, start_off= ((loff_t)ac->ac_o_ex.fe_logical >>, (23- bsbits)) << 23;, size= 8 * 1024 * 1024;, }else {, start_off= (loff_t)ac->ac_o_ex.fe_logical << bsbits;, size =ac->ac_o_ex.fe_len << bsbits;, }, size= size >> bsbits;, start= start_off >> bsbits;, 由此可见,预估文件大小之后得到的size和start肯定比原来的要大一些。, 3. check一下,是否覆盖了已有的prealloc空间。(如果覆盖,那就BUG);, 4. 更新ac_g_ex:根据(2)中size和start更新ac_g_ex;, ac->ac_g_ex.fe_logical= start;, ac->ac_g_ex.fe_len= EXT4_NUM_B2C(sbi, size);, 由上可见,通过ext4_mb_normalize_request()函数主要更新了ac->ac_g_ex成员。, 而ac->ac_b_ex是在ext4_mb_regular_allocator()函数初始化的,其表示可以分配的最佳的extent;隐含意思,就是就按这么分配。, 而ac-> ac_f_ex是在prealloc空间初始化之前保留ac_b_ex的副本,在ext4_mb_new_inode_pa()或ext4_mb_new_group_pa()中定义。, 3. 预分配空间描述符ext4_allocation_contex, 描述预分配空间大小等属性的描述符ext4_prealloc_space:, structext4_prealloc_space {, struct list_head pa_inode_list;, struct list_head pa_group_list;, union {, struct list_head pa_tmp_list;, struct rcu_head pa_rcu;, } u;, spinlock_t pa_lock;, atomic_t pa_count;, unsigned pa_deleted;, ext4_fsblk_t pa_pstart; /*phys. block */, ext4_lblk_t pa_lstart; /*log. block */, ext4_grpblk_t pa_len; /*len of preallocated chunk */, ext4_grpblk_t pa_free; /* howmany blocks are free */, unsigned short pa_type; /* pa type.inode or group */, spinlock_t *pa_obj_lock;, struct inode *pa_inode; /*hack, for history only */, };, 其中有四个结构体非常重要:, pa_lstart -> prealloc 空间的起始逻辑地址(对文件而言);, pa_pstart -> prealloc 空间的起始物理地址;, pa_len -> prealloc 空间的长度;, pa_free -> prealloc 空间的可用长度;, 这个结构体是在函数ext4_mb_new_inode_pa()或ext4_mb_new_group_pa()中初始化。, 暂时就分析这么几个结构体吧。, 作者:Younger Liu,, 本作品采用知识共享署名-非商业性使用-相同方式共享 3.0 未本地化版本许可协议进行许可。,